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Effects of exercise on excretory system and endocrine system

  Effects of exercise on excretory system Excretory system is the one that is responsible for excreting wastes from the body like urea, ammonia and excess salts. It is one of the crucial systems that provides a vital balance in the level of salts and fluids in the body. Hypothalamus regulates excretion by producing  ADH (antidiuretic hormone)  which acts to reduce the amount of water from the body hence reduce the rate of excretion. So, it is not unusual to have effects of exercise on excretory system. For example: Exercise causes more water loss from the body which indicates the hypothalamus to release more ADH. That means ADH level also increases by exercise. Production of more concentrated urine. Because of exercise, increased ADH conserves more water from the urinary tract hence concentrated urine is produced. Decreases sodium (Na) level in the bloodstream Exercise causes more sweat to keep the body temperature down Provides fresh and healthy oxygenated blood supply to the major or
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Cosmid Vector Library Construction

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  Cosmid vectors Cosmid are plasmid type of vector (example- c2RB, pJB8) Cosmid vectors are hybrids of plasmid and bacteriophage lambda DNA (a small plasmid containing the plasmid origin of replication (ori), an antibiotic resistance gene such as ampR and a suitable restriction site for cloning along with the COS sequences from phage DNA. Because of the COS sequence, cosmid recombinants can be packaged into viral particles allowing high efficiency transformation but the distance between two cos sites should be 45-50 kb i.e., if the insert size is smaller than this then it can’t go for packaging. Since the recombinant DNA does not encode any lambda proteins, cosmids do not form viral particles (or plaques) but rather forms large circular plasmids and the colonies that arise can be selected on antibiotic plates, like other plasmid DNA recombinants. Advantage of cosmids are that they can insert large DNA compared to plasmid and the transformation efficiency is very high as phage can infec
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Basic Immunology Abbas 6th edition PDF download

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Basic Immunology Abbas 6th edition  PDF download  has been revised to include recent vital advances in the information of the immune system. The first goal of this book, from the earliest edition, were to gift current ideas on immunology cogently and additionally in decent detail that they might be understood by students of the discipline, still on emphasize clinical aspects, including illness, pathologic process and therefore the development of novel therapies supported the fundamental science of medicine. These are the goals that the authors tend to still try for. With developing understanding of the traditional immune response, writers tend to believe it’s attainable to gift the basic information in a concise way. Additionally, there has been exciting progress in applying basic principles to understand and treat human diseases, a topic that is of overriding interest for college students of medication and allied health sciences. Foremost among these recent advances is that the develo
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What are the major outdoor air pollutants?

  Major Outdoor Air Pollutants Carbon monoxides: Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the major outdoor air pollutants. It is a colorless, odorless, and highly toxic gas that forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing materials. Major source:  Major sources are motor vehicle exhaust, burning of forests and grasslands, tobacco smoke, and open fires and inefficient stoves used for cooking. Health effects:  CO reacts with hemoglobin in red blood cells and reduces the ability of blood to transport oxygen to body cells and tissues. Chronic exposure to CO can trigger heart attacks and aggravate lung diseases such as asthma and  emphysema . CO can also cause headache, nausea, drowsiness, mental impairment, collapse, coma, and death. Carbon dioxide : CO2 is also a colorless and odorless gas. About 93% of the CO2 in the atmosphere is the result of the natural carbon cycle and the rest comes from human activities. Source:  Comes mostly from burning fossil fuels and clearing CO2-absorb
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5 best digital microscope for kids

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A Digital Microscope may be a variant of optical microscope that uses optics and a photographic camera to output a picture to a monitor, typically through software package running on a PC. A digital microscope usually has its own constitutional semiconductor diode source of illumination that is completely different from an optical magnifier therein there’s no ways to observe the sample directly through the lens system. The most distinction between a stereo magnifier and a digital magnifier is their magnification. With the assistance of a stereo microscope, magnification is decided by multiplying the lens system magnification by objective magnification. Since the digital microscope doesn’t have associate degree lens system, magnification can not be obtained by this methodology. Instead the magnification for a digital microscope was mostly determined by what number times larger samples were reproduced on a 15-inch monitor. though the scale of the monitor has modified, the physical size
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Functions of sex hormones

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Gonad: The gonads  are the main reproductive organs or sex glands that participate in the production of gametes and  sex  hormones  . The male gonads or main reproductive organs are called testicles and the female gonadal organs are called ovaries . Gonad produces both steroids and peptide hormones.  The major gonadal hormones are: Androgens (11 -  ketotesterone  )   :  Androgens  are  a  group  of  male  sex  hormones .  The main  androgen  is  testosterone  ,  which is  secreted  by the  testes or testicles  .  It  plays  an  important  role  in  spermatogenesis  .         Estrogen  (17  beta  -  estradiol  )   :  It is a  sex  hormone that is produced in the body of women.  It plays an important role in  oogenesis .     Progesterone: Progesterone or its derivative progestin is another group of female sex hormones.  Gametes play a role in maturation between males and females.  Progesterone and estrogen together are responsible for uterine changes during a woman's menstrual cycle.
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